Healthy Homes

Why Real Estate Affects Health
Americans spend 13–15 hours a day at home and about 90% of their time indoors. Choosing housing that supports health is an important part of overall well-being.

Property Maintenance Codes
Property Maintenance (Building and Safety) Codes set minimum standards for housing and other buildings. They apply to residential and commercial properties and are enforced mainly during new construction or renovation. Landlords must meet these codes.

Large Tennessee cities and counties have codes departments; many rural areas do not. Some departments use the International Property Maintenance Code. Inspectors may check electrical, plumbing, gas, zoning, and other systems. Contact your local codes office for requirements in your area.

Home Inspections
A home inspection is often included in real estate contracts. If serious problems are found, buyers can withdraw their offer. Certified inspectors evaluate the condition of major systems and can flag potential health risks. To find an inspector:

Search online or in business directories
Ask your real estate agent
Review inspector certification lists for Tennessee

Tennessee’s Disclosure Law
The Residential Property Disclosure Act (T.C.A. § 66-5-201 to 210) requires most sellers to provide a disclosure statement. This document includes:

Property address, age, and amenities
Known defects or malfunctions of structures or systems
Conditions such as environmental hazards, flood or drainage issues, encroachments, or unpermitted work

Failure to disclose can cancel a contract or result in legal action. Buyers who discover undisclosed environmental hazards should consult an attorney.

Environmental Site Assessments
Former industrial or commercial properties may have hidden contamination. Environmental Site Assessments (ESAs) evaluate these risks:

Phase I ESA: reviews records, maps, deeds, and past use for signs of contamination
Phase II ESA: collects soil, water, air, or groundwater samples for testing

ESAs are common for redevelopment and brownfield projects.

Brownfield Sites
The U.S. EPA defines a brownfield as property where reuse may be complicated by real or suspected contamination. Redevelopment of brownfields:

Boosts local tax bases and job growth
Reuses existing infrastructure
Reduces pressure to develop open land
Improves environmental quality

Manufactured Housing
New manufactured homes must meet federal construction standards. The Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance, Division of Fire Prevention licenses, monitors, inspects, and investigates manufactured housing and handles complaints.

Meth-Contaminated Properties
Methamphetamine production is illegal and leaves hazardous chemical residues. Property owners are responsible for cleanup, which can be costly. Before buying property:

Check TDEC’s Registry of Contaminated Properties
Review the TBI Meth Offender Registry
Ask nearby residents about past activities at the site

Additional Resources

Renting vs. Homeownership
Renters depend on landlords for repairs and often cannot make changes without permission. Renting carries both rights and responsibilities but can still support a healthy home environment, whether in a house, apartment, duplex, mobile home, or cabin.

Renter Responsibilities
Most renters in Tennessee sign a lease agreement, a legally binding contract. Renters are responsible for:

Paying rent (and late fees, if applicable)
Following lease terms, including addendums (pets, pest control, water damage reporting, etc.)
Keeping the unit clean and safe
Preventing damage and avoiding illegal activity
Proper garbage disposal

Breaking a lease can lead to legal issues. The TN Department of Commerce and Insurance offers Tips for First-Time Renters and How to Spot Rental Scams.

Keeping a Rental Healthy
Follow the eight principles of healthy housing:

1. Keep it Dry – Prevent dampness and mold.
2. Keep it Clean – Reduce dust and contaminants.
3. Keep it Pest-Free – Manage pests safely.
4. Keep it Safe – Prevent falls, burns, and poisonings.
5. Keep it Contaminant-Free – Limit exposure to lead, radon, CO, asbestos, smoke, pesticides.
6. Keep it Ventilated – Improve air circulation.
7. Keep it Maintained – Fix problems promptly.
8. Keep it Thermally Controlled – Avoid extreme heat or cold.

Unhealthy Conditions in Rentals
Responsibility for fixing unhealthy conditions depends on the lease. Tenants must keep units clean and report repairs promptly, preferably in writing. Landlords must respond within a reasonable time (often defined in the lease). If repairs are delayed:

1. Send additional written requests or meet face-to-face.
2. If unresolved, consider legal action.
3. Most disputes are civil issues handled in court, not by health departments.

Renter Rights
According to the Legal Aid Society, renters have the right to a livable home and peaceful enjoyment. Emergency repairs (heat, gas, water, electricity, sewage, plumbing, A/C) must be addressed immediately. Non-emergency repairs should be completed within about 14 days. Always document requests. In some counties, renters may use part of their rent to make urgent repairs. Eviction protections: landlords cannot change locks, shut off utilities, or evict without notice. Court orders are usually required. The Tennessee Alliance for Legal Services (HELP4TN) offers a website, chatbot, and phone support for help finding legal assistance.

Property Maintenance Codes
Codes set minimum housing standards. Large cities and counties enforce them; many rural areas do not. Some use the International Property Maintenance Code. Inspectors may review electrical, plumbing, gas, or structural issues.
Tenants should:

1. Notify landlords first
2. Allow reasonable time for repairs
3. Request inspection notes if codes staff inspect

Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (URLTA)
Applies in Tennessee counties with populations over 75,000 (2010 Census). Requires landlords to maintain rentals that meet building and housing codes affecting health and safety.

Government-Assisted Housing

Section 8 / Housing Choice Vouchers: Annual inspections ensure homes meet Housing Quality Standards. Contact the issuing office first.
Tennessee Housing Development Agency (THDA) oversees Section 8 in 76 counties – 1-800-228-8432.
Local Public Housing Authorities (PHAs) serve other counties.

HUD Tennessee Offices:

Knoxville: (865) 545-4370
Memphis: (901) 544-3367
Nashville: (615) 736-5600

USDA Rural Development
The USDA supports renters in rural multi-family housing (about 360 properties in TN). Contact your local USDA Rural Development office for help.

Additional Resources

Tennessee has several partner agencies working together to maintain the homes where people live.  All of these partners support healthy living conditions and may have policies, programs or resources to help.

Local Governments

Some local governments have health, housing or codes departments that provide Healthy Homes assistance.  Each local government is different.  You will need to contact your city or county to find out what housing resources are available.  Some local governments may provide general assistance, some only require the outsides of properties to be maintained, several may refer you back to this website, and only a few may be able to visit your home.  Housing assistance may not be widely available, especially in rural areas.  Here are some local government programs:

Shelby County Health Department

Knox County Health Department
Knox County Codes Department

Chattanooga-Hamilton County Health Department

Jackson Madison County Health Department
Jackson Madison County Codes Department

Sullivan County Regional Health Department

Housing and Development Agency (THDA)

The Tennessee Housing and Development Agency is Tennessee's housing finance agency.  THDA was created to promote more affordable housing units for low and moderate income individuals and families.  THDA administers numerous federal and state housing programs.  THDA believes that housing is a basic human need and has profound impacts, both social and economic, on individuals and communities.  THDA agrees with the research that safe, sound, affordable housing is essential to healthy households and neighborhoods.  THDA has programs for homeowners about home repairs and foreclosure prevention.  THDA oversees the rental assistance Housing Choice Voucher Program which helps very-low income individuals, families, the elderly and the disabled.  THDA has a Section 8 Contract Administration Resident Issues hotline at 800-314-9320, available Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. for those people with housing voucher health and safety concerns.

Consumer Affairs

The Tennessee Attorney General Office's Division of Consumer Affairs enforces the state Consumer Protection Act while educating consumers on the latest scams and threats that could cause harm. Consumer Affairs may assist with the Tennessee Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act, Title 66, Chapter 28. The Act established rights and obligations of landlords and tenants.  The Act only applies to residential rental agreements in counties with a population of more than 75,000 people on the 2010 US Census.  Consumer Affairs hotline number is 615-741-4737 and may accept online complaints.

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC)

The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) protects human health and the environment, conserves natural resources, manages state parks and enhances the quality of life.  TDEC protects Tennessee’s air, land and water through a responsible regulatory system.  TDEC is committed to providing a cleaner, safer environment that goes hand-in-hand with economic prosperity and increased quality of life.  TDEC's Division of Air Pollution Control answers questions about indoor air quality, open burning, and asbestos renovation projects.  TDEC's Office of Policy and Sustainable Practices operates Tennessee's statewide Radon Program that may be able to provide a free home radon test kit.

Tennessee Department of Disability and Aging

The Tennessee Department of Disability and Aging is the designated state agency on aging and is mandated to provide leadership relative to aging issues on behalf of older persons in the state. Their mission is to bring together and leverage programs, resources, and organizations to protect and ensure the quality of life and independence of older Tennesseans and adults with disabilities.  The Commission has programs on caregiver support, long-term care, nutrition, public guardianship and the State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP).  Other topics important to the Commission are Alzheimer’s Disease and dementia, community gardens, elder abuse, fall prevention and volunteer opportunities.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the federal government agency which works 24/7 to protect America from health, safety and security threats.  CDC supports healthy homes which are sited, designed, built, renovated and maintained to support health.  CDC's Healthy Homes approach is a coordinated, comprehensive and holistic approach to preventing diseases and injuries that result from housing-related hazards and deficiencies.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal government agency responsible for protecting all Americans from significant risks to human health and the environment where they live, learn and work.  EPA ensures all parts of society -- communities, individuals, businesses, and state, local and tribal governments -- have access to accurate information sufficient to effectively participate in managing human health and environmental risks.

Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) believes homes should be affordable and healthy.  HUD promotes safe, decent and sanitary housing as a means of preventing disease and injury.  According to HUD, there is a lot of emerging scientific evidence linking health outcomes such as asthma, lead poisoning, and unintentional injuries to substandard housing. And, there are more than 6 million substandard housing units nationwide.

Here is a growing collection of resources that support healthy living conditions and policies. All of the publications listed here are provided in Adobe’s Portable Document Format  (PDF).  These files should be easy to read on a computer or portable electronic device with using document reader software.  We have collected these files from their original authors to display them all in one place.  This helps to prevent broken web links although in a few situations the author may have a more recent version of a report available on their website.

Additional Resources

Health and Safety Tips

Seal gaps around roofing, attic spaces, windows and doors to prevent rodents and insects from entering the house
Clean up clutter to prevent rodents and insects from finding places to nest
Ventilate the attic
Repair roof leaks promptly
Keep stairs in good repair, free of clutter and well-lit
Be careful of exposed rafters, nails or electrical wiring
If the attic is not completely floored, be careful to step on joists and not between them

Green Tips

Reduce your home's heating and cooling costs with proper insulation, moisture control and air sealing
Consider cool roofs, such as planted green roofs or reflective white roofs, when building a new home or replacing an existing roof

Insulation
Houses that do not maintain adequate temperatures may place the safety of residents at increased risk from exposure to extreme cold or heat. This fact sheet will help to make informed choices about insulation that focus on health concerns. For those considering Spray Polyurethane Foam Insulation (SPF), it is crucial to use an educated and experienced installer.

Asbestos
Asbestos was a popular fire protection component in commercial products from the early 1900’s to the 1970’s.  Asbestos may have been used in construction materials such as: sprayed-on or textured ceilings, floor tiles, roofing felts and shingles, ceiling tiles, and drywall or joint compounds.

Intact and undisturbed asbestos-containing material usually does not pose a health risk. If asbestos fibers get in the air because of damage, disturbance or deterioration, asbestos may be an inhalation hazard.  Follow these links to learn more about asbestos or vermiculite.

Health and Safety Tips

Test your home for radon.
Keep the basement dry.
Have a trained professional inspect, clean, and tune up central heating system (furnaces, flues, and chimneys) annually. Repair any leaks promptly.
Vent clothes dryers, gas heaters and other appliances to the outdoors.
Maintain smoke and carbon monoxide alarms.
Store pesticides and chemicals out of reach of children.
Seal holes and gaps in floors and walls.
Clean up clutter.
Prevent falls by installing stair hand rails. Keep stairs well-lit.
Keep cleaning supplies out of reach of children.

Green Tips

Select energy-efficient products when you buy new heating and cooling equipment.
Insulate your water heater and turn down the thermostat to 120ºF.

Controlling a Damp Basement
Basements are often used as extensions of indoor living space or for storage. Moisture levels in the basement or crawl space should be maintained like other parts of the home. If your basement air feels damp, measure the humidity. If the humidity is often above 50 percent relative humidity, you probably need to reduce moisture. Consider using a dehumidifier. If water collects on your basement floor or seeps through the basement walls, you probably need to do some home maintenance. Basement floors and walls can be sealed to prevent moisture. Keep rainwater away from basement and foundation walls. To keep water away from your home, you might need to slope landscaping, bury a French drain, or install a sump pump.

Pesticide Safety
Before using any pesticide, read the pesticide label and become familiar with all precautions, including first aid instructions. Be sure to only use pesticides designed for indoor use. Do not use pesticides inside the home made for outdoor use. For more information on using and storing pesticides safely read over EPA’s Pesticide Safety information.

Dispose of Household Hazardous Waste
The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation conducts mobile household hazardous waste collection events throughout Tennessee each year.  Any Tennessee citizen can participate in the mobile household hazardous waste collection service.  Check the collection schedule to determine a convenient event for you. Only household hazardous wastes are accepted for proper disposal.  No commercial, institutional or agri-business waste will be accepted.  The day of the event, load the unwanted materials into your trunk or the back of your truck.  For safety, don't mix materials, keep them in their original containers, double package any leaking containers, and place any breakable containers in a box, cushioned with newspaper.  When you get to the event you will be asked what county you live in and where you learned about the event.

Clothes Dryer Safety Tips
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) states the leading cause of home clothes dryer fires is failure to clean them.  They provide these dryer safety tips:

Have your dryer installed and serviced by a professional.
Do not use the dryer without a lint filter.
Make sure you clean the lint filter before or after each load of laundry. Remove lint that has collected around the drum.
Rigid or flexible metal venting material should be used to sustain proper air flow and drying time.
Make sure the air exhaust vent pipe is not restricted and the outdoor vent flap will open when the dryer is operating. Once a year, or more often if you notice that it is taking longer than normal for your clothes to dry, clean lint out of the vent pipe or have a dryer lint removal service do it for you.
Keep dryers in good working order. Gas dryers should be inspected by a professional to make sure that the gas line and connection are intact and free of leaks.
Make sure the right plug and outlet are used and that the machine is connected properly.
Follow the manufacturer’s operating instructions and don’t overload your dryer.
Turn the dryer off if you leave home or when you go to bed.

Health and Safety Tips

Wash hands to prevent the spread of many illnesses.
Use the fan to ventilate the room to the outside to prevent mold and mildew.
Keep medicines out of reach of children. Use medicines only as directed. Dispose of expired medicines properly.
Use nonslip mats in bathtubs and showers and on floors. Install grab bars in showers and tubs and next to toilets.
Keep cleaning products out of reach of children.
Check water temperature before putting young children into the bathtub. Water should not exceed 120º F.
Always supervise young children in bathtubs.

Household Product Safety
Learn more about what’s in the products under your sink, about potential health effects, and about safety and handling from the Consumer Product Information Database (CPID) website.

Disposing of Unwanted Medications
The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation has partnered with local law enforcement and solid waste officials across Tennessee to develop ways to take back unwanted pharmaceuticals.  There are now permanent collection drug take-back boxes and temporary collection events capable of accepting and properly disposing of unwanted pharmaceuticals.  Permanent collection centers are usually hosted and operated by law enforcement agencies or medical facility vendors. Various local law enforcement agencies host temporary collection events for their community.  Check TDEC’s Unwanted Pharmaceuticals Take Back Map for listings of permanent medication collection sites.

Lead in Bathtubs
Some bathtubs can contain lead. Cast iron or steel tubs can have a porcelain or enamel coating. As the coating wears down from age and use, the lead can leach into bath water. Young children who drink bath water or put their wet hands or toys in their mouths during bath time are at greatest risk. 

Mold and Moisture
Moisture is common in the bathroom. Water can splash out of the bathtub, shower or sink. It can leak from pipes under the sink, behind the toilet or between the walls. Water vapor steams from hot baths and showers. Mold and mildew can grow quickly with moisture. Soap and water, store-bought cleaners and scrub brushes can all be helpful in controlling mold. The best way to not have mold in the bathroom is follow the healthy home principle to keep it dry. Using a fan that exhausts to the outside or leaving the door partially open when showering can help reduce humidity in the bathroom. Mopping up spills and quickly repairing any leaks will help to keep your bathroom clean of mold and mildew. If water damages hard surfaces such as tile, porcelain or countertop, it can be thoroughly dried. If water soaks into carpet, carpet pad, drywall, plaster or other materials, these porous materials usually need to be replaced. For more information about mold and moisture visit our mold webpage or the resource links below.

Health and Safety Tips

Maintain smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors.
Wash sheets and blankets in hot water to reduce asthma triggers.
Use mattress and pillow covers.
Vacuum often.​

Green Tips

Install energy-efficient windows to reduce energy costs.
Open curtains and blinds during the day to allow for natural sunlight. Light colored or loose-weave curtains allow sunlight into the room while maintaining privacy.

Carbon Monoxide Safety
All people and animals are at risk for carbon monoxide poisoning. Certain groups, such as unborn babies, infants, and people with chronic heart disease, anemia, or respiratory problems, are more easily affected by carbon monoxide poisoning.

Lead-based Paint
In homes built prior to 1978, there is an increased risk of having lead-based paint. If small children ingest lead-based paint chips or dust during hand-to-mouth behavior, they could be exposed. If you are remodeling an old home, the risk could be even higher. Lead check test kits are readily available from home and hardware stores. For more information about preventing childhood exposure to lead, visit the Tennessee Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program or our topic page about lead in this content area.

Asthma
People spend a lot of time in their bedrooms. For people with asthma, breathing and sleeping may be difficult if there are asthma triggers capable of causing an asthma attack in the bedroom. Here are few different asthma triggers that may be present in a bedroom and how to avoid them. Asthma can be triggered by the smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar, or by secondhand smoke from a smoker. Do not smoke in bedrooms. Dust mites are tiny bugs too small to be seen but present in every home. They live in mattresses, pillows, carpets, fabric-covered furniture, bedding, clothes and stuffed toys. It is important to use pillow cases and wash bed linens on a regular basis to control dust mites. Pet skin flakes, urine and saliva can be asthma triggers. Keep pets off of the beds of asthmatics. House dust contains asthma triggers. Remove dust often with a damp cloth. Vacuum carpet and fabric-covered furniture to reduce dust buildup. Bedrooms that are kept clean will help to control asthma triggers.

Bed Bugs
Bed bugs are not as common as other pests. The adult bed bug is about a ¼ inch long and reddish brown. Young nymph bed bugs are smaller and light-colored. Bed bugs are flat, allowing them fit in small cracks and crevices. Bed bugs usually bite at night. Bed bugs are often accidentally transported in luggage, clothing, beds, furniture and other items. Be cautious with used or rented beds, bedding, furniture and other items that may harbor bed bugs. Inspect them before bringing them into your home. It can be helpful to use mattress cases on your bed. Avoid having clutter under or around your bed. If you have unexpected bug bites, inspect your bed and bedding looking for the signs of the small brown bugs. If you have severe bites or an allergic reaction, contact your doctor. To read more about bed bugs click on the EPA’s Bed Bug Information webpage . If you believe that you have bed bugs in your home, consider hiring a professional exterminator who has successfully treated for bed bug problems. Be careful using pesiticides indoor to try to control bed bugs as misuse of pesticides can harm your health. 

Health and Safety Tips

Test your home for radon.
Keep the basement dry.
Have a trained professional inspect, clean, and tune up central heating system (furnaces, flues, and chimneys) annually. Repair any leaks promptly.
Vent clothes dryers, gas heaters and other appliances to the outdoors.
Maintain smoke and carbon monoxide alarms.
Store pesticides and chemicals out of reach of children.
Seal holes and gaps in floors and walls.
Clean up clutter.
Prevent falls by installing stair hand rails. Keep stairs well-lit.
Keep cleaning supplies out of reach of children.

Green Tips

Select energy-efficient products when you buy new heating and cooling equipment.
Insulate your water heater and turn down the thermostat to 120ºF.

Controlling a Damp Basement
Basements are often used as extensions of indoor living space or for storage. Moisture levels in the basement or crawl space should be maintained like other parts of the home. If your basement air feels damp, measure the humidity. If the humidity is often above 50 percent relative humidity, you probably need to reduce moisture. Consider using a dehumidifier. If water collects on your basement floor or seeps through the basement walls, you probably need to do some home maintenance. Basement floors and walls can be sealed to prevent moisture. Keep rainwater away from basement and foundation walls. To keep water away from your home, you might need to slope landscaping, bury a French drain, or install a sump pump.

Pesticide Safety
Before using any pesticide, read the pesticide label and become familiar with all precautions, including first aid instructions. Be sure to only use pesticides designed for indoor use. Do not use pesticides inside the home made for outdoor use. For more information on using and storing pesticides safely read over EPA’s Pesticide Safety information.

Dispose of Household Hazardous Waste
The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation conducts mobile household hazardous waste collection events throughout Tennessee each year.  Any Tennessee citizen can participate in the mobile household hazardous waste collection service.  Check the collection schedule to determine a convenient event for you. Only household hazardous wastes are accepted for proper disposal.  No commercial, institutional or agri-business waste will be accepted.  The day of the event, load the unwanted materials into your trunk or the back of your truck.  For safety, don't mix materials, keep them in their original containers, double package any leaking containers, and place any breakable containers in a box, cushioned with newspaper.  When you get to the event you will be asked what county you live in and where you learned about the event.

Clothes Dryer Safety Tips
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) states the leading cause of home clothes dryer fires is failure to clean them.  They provide these dryer safety tips:

Have your dryer installed and serviced by a professional.
Do not use the dryer without a lint filter.
Make sure you clean the lint filter before or after each load of laundry. Remove lint that has collected around the drum.
Rigid or flexible metal venting material should be used to sustain proper air flow and drying time.
Make sure the air exhaust vent pipe is not restricted and the outdoor vent flap will open when the dryer is operating. Once a year, or more often if you notice that it is taking longer than normal for your clothes to dry, clean lint out of the vent pipe or have a dryer lint removal service do it for you.
Keep dryers in good working order. Gas dryers should be inspected by a professional to make sure that the gas line and connection are intact and free of leaks.
Make sure the right plug and outlet are used and that the machine is connected properly.
Follow the manufacturer’s operating instructions and don’t overload your dryer.
Turn the dryer off if you leave home or when you go to bed.

Health and Safety Tips

Keep your kitchen clean and uncluttered.   Wash cutting boards and knives frequently.  Wash your hands frequently.
Properly prepare and store foods.  Thoroughly cook raw foods such as meats, chicken and fish. 
Promptly repair leaking pipes to avoid water damage and mold growth.
Keep flammable objects away from the stove.
Maintain smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors.
Install and use an exhaust fan vented to the outdoors over gas stoves/ovens.
Keep cleaning products out of reach of children.
Keep medications out of reach of children.​

Healthy Drinking Water
Drinking water comes from a variety of sources including public water systems, private ground water wells, natural springs and bottled water.  Clean water is essential to healthy living.  Most importantly water is needed for drinking to support a healthy mind and body.  Water in the household is also needed for cooking, bathing, clothes washing and house cleaning.

Household Product Safety
What’s under your kitchen sink?  Learn more about what’s in these products, about potential health effects, and about safety and handling from the Consumer Product Information Database on the What's In Products Website.

Know the Poison Center Number!
Put the nationwide Poison Center phone number of 1-800-222-1222 on or near every telephone in your home.  You should also program it into your cellular phone.  If you think someone has been poisoned and they are awake and alert, call Poison Control.   If the person has collapsed or is not breathing, call emergency 911.  You can reach the Poison Center 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, with your questions and concerns.

Fire Safety
According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the two leading causes of fire in residential structures occur from heating and cooking activities.  Smoke alarms are the crucial first line of defense in preventing home fires. “Get Alarmed” is a great video from the Tennessee State Fire Marshal’s Office that provides the know-how to make smoke-alarm installations successful. 

Health and Safety Tips

Vent the clothes dryer outside the home to prevent mold and mildew inside.
Clean lint out of the dry vent pipe to prevent fire.
Keep cleaning supplies out of reach of children.
Wash sheets and blankets in hot water to reduce allergens, such as dust mites.
If you have a gas dryer or water heater, install a carbon monoxide monitor.
Have gas appliances and furnaces checked regularly to make sure they are working properly and are vented to the outside.
Do not let children play in washers or dryers.

Green Tips

Wash only full loads of clothes.
Use a high-efficiency washing machine, if possible, to conserve water.
Use EPA Energy Star-qualified appliances to save money on your utility bill.  See a list of appliances here.

Dust Mites
Dust mites are tiny bugs that are too small to see.  Dust mites live in things like sheets, blankets, pillows, mattresses, soft furniture, carpets and your child’s stuffed toys.

What You Can Do:

Wash bedding in hot water once a week.  Dry completely.
Use dust proof covers on pillows and mattresses.
Vacuum carpets and furniture every week.
Choose stuffed toys you can wash.  Periodically wash stuffed toys in hot water and dry completely before your child plays with them.

Household Product Safety
What’s in your laundry room cabinet?  Learn more about what’s in these products, about potential health effects, and about safety and handling from the Consumer Product Information Database on the What's In It Website.

What is a Kilowatt?
A kilowatt is a way to measure energy. When you use an electric range to cook for one hour, you use about 1,000 watt-hours (1,000 Wh) of electricity. One thousand watt-hours equals one kilowatt (kWh). Your utility bill usually shows what you are charged per kilowatt-hours used. In 2024, the average residential rate was 13.77 cents per kWh, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. A typical household in the United States consumes about 10,500 per year. The average cost for someone in Tennessee would be about $1,206 per year.

Energy Star
ENERGY STAR is a joint program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy helping us all save money and protect the environment through energy efficient products and practices. Energy efficient choices can save families about a third on their energy bill with similar savings of greenhouse gas emissions, without sacrificing features, style or comfort. ENERGY STAR helps you make the energy efficient choice.

Health and Safety Tips

Keep your home smoke-free.
Vacuum carpets and floors frequently.
Protect your children from lead-based paint.
Move blind cords out of the reach of children.
Inspect chimneys, gas-burning furnaces or fireplaces yearly.  Open flues when fireplaces are in use.
Choose properly sized wood stoves that are certified to meet EPA standards. Make certain that doors on all wood stoves fit tightly.
Store fire wood away from the house to prevent problems with termites, mice and other pests.

Green Tips

Use EPA Energy Star certified electronics.
Use of energy-efficient windows, doors and skylights can help lower a home's heating, cooling and lighting costs.
Open curtains and blinds during the day to allow for natural sunlight.  Light colored or loose-weave curtains allow sunlight into the room while maintaining privacy.

Secondhand Smoke
Secondhand smoke is a known health hazard. Breathing in secondhand smoke can lead to serious health problems such as respiratory tract infections, and chronic illnesses such as asthma and lung cancer. Sadly, the home is the place where children are the most exposed to secondhand smoke. Children are at great risk to secondhand smoke. Almost 60 percent of U.S. children aged three to eleven years—or almost 22 million children—are exposed to secondhand smoke.  Secondhand smoke exposure in the home has been consistently linked to a significant increase in both heart disease and lung cancer risk among adult nonsmokers. For more information on secondhand smoke visit the Surgeon General's website. 

Lead-based Paint
In homes built prior to 1978, there is an increased risk of having lead-based paint. If small children ingest lead-based paint chips or dust during hand-to-mouth behavior, they could be exposed to lead, a well known health hazard. If you are remodeling an old home, the risk could be even higher.  Lead check test kits are readily available from home and hardware stores.  For more information about preventing childhood exposure to lead, visit the Tennessee Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program.

Keep it Clean – Air Filters
One of the Healthy Homes principles is to keep your home clean and free of clutter. Sweeping, mopping, and dusting are all important ways to keep your home clean. Change your Heating, Ventilation, and Cooling system’s (HVAC) air filters on a regular basis. Use a good quality pleated air filter to remove dust from your family's air. Vacuum or wipe vent louvers and ceiling fans to remove dust. Maintaining good indoor air quality is especially important if a family member has a medical condition such as asthma, allergies, emphysema or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) .

Radon
Radon is an odorless, tasteless, colorless gas that is naturally occurring across Tennessee. It can be present in any room in your home, including your living room. The Tennessee Department of Health and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation work together to track radon data across the state, but it is your responsibility as a homeowner to test for radon. Radon testing is the only way to confirm its presence in your home. 

Health and Safety Tips

Use electrical outlet covers and safety plugs to prevent objects from being pushed into outlets.
Always supervise your child while bathing; stay within arm’s reach of the child at all times.
When using a changing table, keep one hand on your baby at all times.  Changing table should be cleaned and sanitized after each use.
Maintain smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors.  Change batteries as recommended by manufacturer.
Avoid products containing the chemical Bisphenol A (BPA).
Maintain a smoke-free zone around your baby.
If remodeling the nursery, protect your children from lead-based paint.
Ensure your baby travels in a proper child safety seat at all times.
Never leave a child unattended, especially in a car, not even for a short time.
Use baby gates and door barriers across kitchen and bathroom doors and staircases.
Store medicines and cleaning products out of reach and in lockable cabinets.
To prevent choking, choose age-appropriate toys with no small parts that could be a choking hazard.

Green Tips

For cleaning everyday surfaces, mix equal parts water and vinegar in a spray bottle.  
Spray on surface, let sit and wipe off.
Make a soft scrub for cleaning by mixing baking soda and castle soap.
Keep the nursery air fresh by opening the windows each day or use a HEPA air purifier.
Consider flooring that is easy to clean.
Choose bedding made with natural organic fibers.
Consider using cloth or compostable disposable diapers.

Help Us Grow (HUG)
The HUG program staff can assist pregnant women, postpartum women for up to two years, and infants and children up to age six in gaining access to medical, social, and educational services. HUG services are available in all 95 Tennessee counties. For more information about the TDH home visiting programs, call (615) 741-0329.

A-B-Cs of Safe Sleep
The lives of some babies are cut tragically short as the result of being put to sleep in an unsafe place or position. Choosing to follow the A-B-Cs of Safe Sleep can protect your baby the one time he or she may be suffocated while sleeping. Visit the Safe Sleep website for recommendations to protect your baby including a Safe Sleep Checklist.

For a safe sleep environment remember to always:

Follow the ABCs of Safe Sleep: Always place your baby Alone, on their Back, and in a Crib.
Use a firm mattress with a fitted sheet and avoid soft bedding, pillows, stuffed animals, or bumper pads.
Ensure the crib meets current safety standards (check for recalls at [CPSC.gov].
Keep the room at a comfortable temperature (68–72°F) to prevent overheating.

Lead-based Paint
Are you remodeling a room in your home to make a nursery? In homes built prior to 1978, there is an increased risk of having lead-based paint. If small children ingest lead-based paint chips or dust during hand-to-mouth behavior, they could be exposed. If you are remodeling an old home, the risk could be even higher. Lead check test kits are readily available from home and hardware stores. For more information about preventing childhood exposure to lead, visit the Tennessee Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (TCLPPP) webpage.

Asthma
It may be difficult to diagnose whether an infant’s breathing problems are a result of simple cold viruses or other problems such as asthma. Your family doctor can help. Keep in mind infants spend a lot of time in their nurseries. For children with difficulty breathing, breathing and sleeping may be more difficult if there are asthma triggers in the home or nursery. Breathing can be made difficult by the smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar and the secondhand smoke breathed out by a smoker. Do not smoke in a house where a baby is present. It is important to wash bed linens on a regular basis. Also, remove dust often with a damp cloth and vacuum carpet and fabric-covered furniture to reduce dust buildup. Nurseries that are kept clean will help to control asthma triggers.

Prevent Exposure to Pests

Tennessee’s warm climate can attract pests like mosquitoes, ants, and even bed bugs. Use baby-safe pest control methods:
Install window screens to keep insects out.
Avoid using chemical pesticides in the nursery; opt for natural repellents like essential oils (e.g., lavender or eucalyptus) placed safely out of reach.
Regularly inspect the nursery for signs of pests and address issues promptly.

Temperature and Air Quality
It is important for your baby's health to have good air quality in the nursery.

Tennessee’s humidity can lead to mold growth. Keep the nursery well-ventilated and use a dehumidifier if necessary.
Avoid smoking indoors, as secondhand smoke can harm your baby’s respiratory health.
Use an air purifier with a HEPA filter to reduce allergens like pollen, dust, and pet dander.

Babies easily over-heat.  Follow these tips to prevent heat-related illness.

Tennessee summers can be hot and humid. Keep the nursery cool
Use blackout curtains to block heat from the sun.
Dress your baby in lightweight, breathable clothing.
Never leave your baby in a hot car, even for a few minutes.

Women, Infants and Children
Women, Infants and Children, often called WIC, is the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program.  WIC is a federal program that provides supplemental food to low-income pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women, infants and children until the age of five.  WIC provides a combination of nutrition education, supplemental foods, breastfeeding promotion and support, and referrals for health care.  The Department of Health serves about 165,000 eligible participants each month.  Participants must be residents of Tennessee, meet the gross income guidelines, and be determined to be at nutritional or medical risk.  For more information, contact your local health department or call 1-800-DIAL-WIC (1-800-342-5942).

Practice Healthy Feeding –
If using formula, ensure it’s prepared with safe, clean water. Tennessee’s water quality varies by location, so consider using filtered or bottled water if necessary.
Sterilize bottles and feeding equipment regularly.
Store breast milk or formula properly to prevent contamination.

Child-safe Products
There are a number of products that are made especially for an infant or small child.  Many of these products are used on a daily basis.  The Tennessee Child Restraint Law protects children while riding in a car. The Consumer Products Safety Commission helps to protect children by suggesting safer products and recalling dangerous products. To learn more about child-safe toys read their For Kids’ Sake publication .  To learn about product recalls visit CPSC’s website. There are a number of products to avoid with children.   Avoid products that contain the chemical Bisphenol A , or BPA for short. While BPA has not been proven to harm children, the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services suggests that it is best to avoid BPA. Find the top 10 hidden hazards in the home.  Click here for tips on childproofing your home.

Keep Safe Furniture and Décor

Anchor heavy furniture (e.g., dressers, bookshelves) to the wall to prevent tipping.
Avoid placing cribs near windows, blinds, or cords to reduce the risk of strangulation.
Use cordless window coverings or secure cords out of reach.
Choose non-toxic, lead-free paint and furniture for the nursery.

Childproof Your Room

Install outlet covers on all electrical outlets.
Use safety gates at the top and bottom of stairs.
Keep small objects, choking hazards, and toxic substances (e.g., cleaning supplies) out of reach.
Secure loose wires or cords to prevent tripping or pulling.
 

Accidents

Water Safety

If you use a humidifier in the nursery, clean it regularly to prevent mold and bacteria buildup.
Never leave your baby unattended during bath time, even for a moment.

Emergency Preparedness

Tennessee is prone to severe weather, including tornadoes and thunderstorms. Have an emergency plan in place
Keep a stocked emergency kit with baby essentials (diapers, formula, medications, etc.).
Identify a safe room in your home (e.g., a basement or interior room) for shelter during severe weather.
Install smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors near the nursery and test them monthly.

Health and Safety Tips

Watch young children around water.
Teach children to swim.
Teach children about water and pool safety rules.
Use sunscreen.
Learn CPR.
Fence off pool and install a self-latching gate.
Protect against water illnesses by keeping a clean pool.
Don't use glass containers in pool area.

Green Tips
Use a solar cover on your pool to reduce water loss and evaporation, retain heat and keep your pool clean by preventing debris from falling into it.  You will not need to add extra water to your pool as often, run a separate heater to keep your pool water warm or run your pool pump or filter as much. You will also use fewer chemicals and cut the amount of time needed to clean your pool. Preventing water evaporation is especially important, because evaporation is responsible for 70 percent of a pool’s energy loss, according to the U.S. Department of Energy.

Dispose of Unwanted Pool Chemicals
The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation conducts mobile household hazardous waste collection events throughout Tennessee each year.  Any Tennessee citizen can participate in the mobile household hazardous waste collection service.  Check the collection schedule to determine a convenient event for you.  Only hazardous waste from households will be accepted.  No commercial, institutional or agri-business waste will be accepted.  The day of the event, load the unwanted materials into your trunk or the back of your truck.  For safety, do not mix materials, keep them in their original containers, double package any leaking containers and place any breakable containers in a box cushioned with newspaper.  When you get to the event you will be asked which county you live in and where you learned about the event.

Pool Equipment

Maintain pool and spa covers in good working order.
Consider using a surface wave or underwater alarm.
Ensure any pool and spa you use has compliant drains covers.  Ask your pool service provider if you do not know.
Keep safety/life saving equipment on hand and in good condition.

Avoiding Recreational Water Illnesses

Don’t get into the water if you have diarrhea.
Don’t swallow water from pools, lakes, rivers or other bodies of water.
Practice good hygiene. Shower with soap before swimming and wash your hands after using the toilet or changing diapers.
Take children on frequent bathroom breaks or check diapers often.
Change diapers in a bathroom or a diaper-changing area, not at poolside.

Health and Safety Tips

Preventing Falls

Install hand rails in stairways.
Make sure there is good lighting along stairs. Use night lights.
Keep stairs free of clutter and in good repair.
Protect young children by using safety gates at the top and bottom of stairs.
For child safety, spindles on stair rails should be no more than 3 1/2" apart.  If children are under age 2, the spacing should be less than 2 3/8".  For railing that cannot be easily modified, install banister guards or rail nets. 

Each year, one in three adults, age 65 and older falls.  Falls can cause moderate to severe injuries, such as hip fractures and head traumas, and can increase the risk of early death.  For more information, visit CDC’s Older Adults Webpage. 

Green Tips
Use fluorescent or LED lighting to illuminate stairs.  Fluorescent bulbs are four to six times more energy efficient compared to incandescent bulbs.  Fluorescent bulbs usually last much longer than incandescent lamps.  LED lights are both energy efficient and long lasting.

Health and Safety Tips

Watch for children playing on driveways.
Direct rain water away from home using gutters and downspouts.
Keep porches, stairs, walks and driveways in good repair and well lit.
Use sunscreen and insect repellent.
Make sure children always wear bicycle safety helmets when biking.
Make sure playground surfaces are safe.  Supervise children in play areas at all times.
Keep children at a safe distance when mowing or using power tools. 
Remove sticks, stones and objects from the lawn before mowing.
Make sure chainsaws have an anti-kickback device and a chain that is well sharpened.
Wear proper eye and ear protection when using any power tool.
Remove old tires and standing water that could allow mosquitoes to breed.
Properly maintain septic tanks to prevent illness and backups.
Remove litter, tall grass and brush to eliminate nesting areas for unwanted pests and to reduce insects and rodents.
Use proper protective equipment when playing sports or riding bicycles. 
Avoid wood chip mulch near the house as termites eat wood.
Keep landscaping plants off the house to reduce bugs and rodents.

Green Tips

Use trees and other plants to help shade your home if needed to help reduce cooling costs.
Use windbreaks—trees and shrubs—around your home if needed to help reduce heating costs.
Conserve water along with energy for a more sustainable landscape.

Raised Bed Gardening
Communities throughout the country are turning to gardening as a reasonable option to increase their access to healthy, nutritious and low-cost produce.  Building raised beds and growing plants in containers is the most common way to reduce the chances of coming into contact with contaminants in urban gardens.  Raised bed gardening is great where there is a limited space available for a garden.  It helps to contain the area needed to grow vegetables. In addition, raised beds can help senior citizens and the disabled to participate in gardening activities. Raised beds are also one method suggested for urban gardening where contaminates soil is a concern.  Click here for more information on Growing Gardens in Urbans Soils.  Espanol

Pesticides
Pesticides can be beneficial when used in the proper amount and in the correct manner.  Pesticides can be used to control:

Mosquitoes and ticks that may transmit disease
Bugs or rodents that damage agricultural crops
Insects that damage homes and building structures
Harmful bacteria, viruses or fungi
Rodents that may transmit disease
Weeds in yards and gardens
Algae in pools or ponds

Overuse or misuse of pesticides can be very damaging to your health, wildlife or the environment.  For example, many pesticides are poisonous if accidently ingested.  Many pesticides can irritate the skin of people or pets.  Some pesticides can cause harm to wildlife and the environment.  Be sure to follow the directions on pesticide labels for safe use, storage, disposal and emergency medical treatment.

Do not dispose of your pesticides in your garbage.  Do not pour leftover pesticides down the sink, into the toilet, down the sewer, in the street drain or in the yard.  Follow the directions on the label for proper disposal.  The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation’s Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management helps counties to collect household hazardous wastes for safe and proper disposal.  Check with your local public works, environmental agency or health department to find out if your community has a household hazardous waste collection program for getting rid of unwanted, leftover pesticides. 

There are many natural alternatives – both old and new – for helping to control pests.  A classic natural alternative is cedar trees.  Cedar wood is naturally insect resistant.  Using cedar wood in your yard or closet will help to deter bugs.  A newer example is pyrethrum.  It is made from chrysanthemum flowers and is good in repelling insects.  Boric acid powder is good against insects and spiders when put into cracks along floors and walls.  Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an environmentally sensitive and effective way to control pests without the use of synthetic chemicals.

Septic Systems
If you live in an urban area or in the suburbs, when you flush your toilet, the waste travels through underground piping to the sanitary sewer system.  The waste is treated at a water treatment plant. If you live in a rural areas, a treatment plant is not likely accessible.  When you flush your toilet, the waste likely goes into a septic tank and eventually into a drain field in your yard.  If not maintained, failing septic systems can contaminate groundwater and harm the environment by releasing bacteria, viruses and household hazardous waste to local waterways. Proper septic system maintenance protects public health and the environment and saves the homeowner money through avoided costly repairs.

The drain field delivers wastewater to the underlying soil.  The soil acts as a filter to purify the wastewater before it reaches the groundwater or any adjacent surface waters.  If you want to install a septic system at your home, you need a permit.  Permits can be granted by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation.  Call 1-888-891-8332.

If you have a septic system, it must be properly maintained to prevent overloading and overflows.  The general recommendation is to have your septic tank pumped out about every five years.  If sewage backs up into your home, then you, your family, and pets should avoid contact with it.  Clean up the mess when you have proper protection for your eyes, face, clothing and hands.  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s webpage on septic systems and the Environmental Protection Agency's SepticSmart webpage both offer a lot more information, including these simple tips for homeowners:

Protect It and Inspect It: Homeowners should generally have their system inspected every three years by a qualified professional or according to their state or local health department's recommendations.  Tanks should be pumped when necessary, typically every three to five years.
Think at the Sink: Avoid pouring fats, grease and solids down the drain.  These substances can clog a system’s pipes and drain field.
Don’t Overload the Commode: Only put things in the drain or toilet that belong there.  For example, coffee grounds, dental floss, disposable diapers and wipes, feminine hygiene products, cigarette butts and cat litter can all clog and potentially damage septic systems.
Don’t Strain Your Drain: Be water efficient and spread out water use.  Fix plumbing leaks and install faucet aerators and water-efficient products.  Spread out laundry and dishwasher loads throughout the day: too much water at once can overload a system that hasn’t been pumped recently.
Shield Your Field: Remind guests not to park or drive on a system’s drain field, where the vehicle’s weight could damage buried pipes or disrupt underground flow.
NEVER flush prescription medicines down a toilet.  For information on proper disposal of unwanted medicines, click here.

Understanding Asthma

Asthma is a chronic lung disease that makes breathing difficult. Symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Severe attacks can be life-threatening.
About 20 million Americans have asthma, including thousands of Tennessee children. In 2016, roughly 86,900 Tennessee children ages 0–17 were diagnosed with asthma.

What Happens During an Asthma Attack

During an asthma attack, the airways swell, narrow, and fill with mucus, making it hard to breathe. Common signs include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
Attacks can be triggered by things in the environment such as dust mites, mold, tobacco smoke, or strong odors.

Recognizing Warning Signs

You can manage asthma by watching for early signs and following your doctor’s plan. Warning signs include:

• Frequent coughing, especially at night
• Trouble breathing during play or exercise
• Wheezing or chest tightness
• A family history of asthma

If symptoms appear, see a healthcare provider. A doctor can perform breathing tests, confirm the diagnosis, and help develop an asthma action plan with medication and trigger management.

Common Asthma Triggers

Asthma can be triggered by many things found indoors and outdoors, including:

• Mold and moisture
• Pet hair and dander
• Cockroaches, mice, and rats
• Dust mites
• Chemical irritants (cleaners, perfumes, pesticides)
• Tobacco smoke
• Outdoor air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide)
• Extreme heat or cold

Reducing Triggers at Home

Up to 40% of asthma episodes are linked to preventable housing conditions. Reduce triggers by:

• Fixing leaks and moisture problems to prevent mold
• Keeping pets out of bedrooms and off furniture
• Using hard flooring instead of thick carpets
• Sealing holes and cracks to block pests
• Washing bedding weekly in hot water
• Avoiding ozone-producing air purifiers, candles, and strong fragrances
• Using pesticides sparingly
• Keeping the home smoke-free\\
• Avoiding outdoor activity on poor air quality days
• Not heating your home with the oven or stove

Remember: your car’s air space is much smaller than your home’s—avoid smoking or strong scents in vehicles, too.

Using Air Filters and Purifiers

Air filters can help reduce asthma triggers by removing particles such as dust and dander. Look for the “Certified Asthma & Allergy Friendly” label or a HEPA filter model. Clean or replace filters regularly.

Air purifiers use heat, UV light, or ions to sanitize the air. Avoid purifiers that generate ozone, as ozone is a respiratory irritant. For more information, visit the EPA’s webpages on HEPA filters and ozone generators.

Clean Air Action Days

When air pollution levels are high, officials may declare a Clean Air Action Day (also called an Ozone Action Day). People with asthma should:

• Stay indoors as much as possible
• Avoid strenuous outdoor activity
• Schedule outdoor work early in the morning or evening

Check the Air Quality Index (AQI) online or through weather apps to track daily air conditions.

Making Schools Asthma-Friendly

Asthma is a leading cause of missed school days. Schools can help by:

• Reducing triggers such as dust, pets, and strong fragrances
• Requesting an Asthma Action Plan from parents
• Training staff to respond to asthma attacks
• Keeping emergency medication with the school nurse
• Using low-fume cleaning products and maintaining good ventilation

Find more resources on healthy school environments at EPA’s IAQ Tools for Schools.

Resources for Health Professionals

Medical professionals can access asthma training and continuing education through:

• CDC Asthma Resources: Educational tools for healthcare and public health professionals
• ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Environmental Triggers of Asthma online course with continuing education credit
• Tennessee Asthma Coalition and Tennessee Public Health Association: Local networking and advocacy resources
• CDC MMWR & Medscape CE Activity: Free training on childhood asthma trends and outcomes — visit CDC’s CME webpage for details
• Join the TN Health Alert Network in its mission to improve health outcomes in Tennessee

What Bed Bugs Look Like

Bed bugs are small, reddish-brown insects about the size of an apple seed (4–5 mm long). They have oval, flat bodies that become swollen and elongated after feeding on blood. Bed bugs do not have wings but move quickly across floors, walls, and furniture. Their eggs are tiny, white, and hard to see with the naked eye.

Signs of a Bed Bug Infestation

Bed bugs usually bite at night while people sleep. Bite marks on the face, neck, arms, or hands may be the first clue, but other signs include:

• Small, rust-colored stains on sheets or mattresses (bed bug droppings)
• Tiny white eggs or eggshells in mattress seams or cracks
• Shed skins from growing bed bugs
• Live bed bugs in mattress seams, headboards, or furniture joints
• A musty odor in the bedroom
• Check seams, cracks, and tight spaces where bed bugs like to hide.

Identifying Bed Bug Bites

Bed bug bites often appear as small, red, itchy welts in a line or cluster on exposed skin. Unlike mosquito bites, which are more scattered, bed bug bites usually follow a pattern. Because bed bugs inject a mild anesthetic and anticoagulant, most people do not feel the bite when it happens. Bite marks may appear one or several days later.
Reactions vary—some people show no marks, while others experience itching, swelling, or allergic responses.

Health Effects of Bed Bug Bites

Bed bugs are not known to spread disease, but their bites can cause:

• Itching and irritation
• Allergic reactions
• Secondary skin infections from scratching
• Sleep disruption and anxiety

To relieve symptoms, avoid scratching, apply antiseptic cream or lotion, and consider taking an antihistamine. Seek medical attention if swelling or allergic reactions occur.

Reliable Bed Bug Resources

For more information, photos, and prevention tips, visit:

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• University of Tennessee Extension

What is Carbon Monoxide?

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous gas that has no smell, color, or taste. It can cause illness or death within minutes at high levels. CO builds up quickly in enclosed or poorly ventilated areas.

Common Sources

CO forms when fuels don’t burn completely. Common sources include:

• Gas furnaces and water heaters
• Cars, trucks, and boats
• Gas stoves, ovens, and lanterns
• Fireplaces, wood stoves, and charcoal grills
• Small engines (generators, chainsaws, trimmers)
• Kerosene or propane heaters
• Tobacco smoke

About 50% of CO poisonings happen in homes, 40% from vehicles, and 10% at work.

Who is Most at Risk?

Anyone can be poisoned, but higher-risk groups include:

• Unborn babies, infants, and children
• Pregnant women
• People with heart or lung disease, anemia, or respiratory illness
• Smokers (already have higher CO levels)

How Exposure Happens

CO exposure occurs when fuel-burning appliances or engines run in areas with poor ventilation—such as inside homes, garages, or tents. Idling vehicles in enclosed garages can quickly create deadly levels of CO.

Symptoms of CO Poisoning

Early signs can be mistaken for the flu:

• Headache
• Dizziness
• Fatigue or weakness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Chest pain or shortness of breath
• Confusion

High levels can cause loss of consciousness or death. People may die in their sleep without noticing symptoms.

What to Do in an Emergency

• Go outside immediately for fresh air.
• Call 911.
• If someone is unconscious and cannot move, open doors and windows and turn off the CO source if it’s safe to do so.

CO Detectors

• Install carbon monoxide detectors near sleeping areas and on every floor.
• Test alarms monthly and replace batteries regularly.
• Replace detectors according to manufacturer instructions.
• If the alarm sounds, evacuate and call 911.
• Homes with hardwired detectors should also have battery backup.

Preventing CO Poisoning During Power Outages

• Never use charcoal or gas grills indoors, in garages, tents, or campers.
• Don’t burn charcoal in fireplaces—it doesn’t vent properly.
• Keep generators at least 20 feet from buildings and away from vents or windows.
• Never use gas ovens or stoves for heat.
• Don’t sleep near unvented gas or kerosene heaters.

Preventing CO Poisoning from Vehicles and Equipment

• Never run a vehicle in a garage, even with the door open.
• Don’t use gasoline-powered tools indoors.
• Have your vehicle’s exhaust system checked yearly.
• Don’t ride in enclosed truck beds or campers connected to running engines.
• On boats, prevent exhaust from “back-drafting” into cabins or decks.

Preventing CO Poisoning from Home Appliances

• Have fuel-burning appliances, fireplaces, and chimneys inspected annually by professionals.
• Make sure flues and vents are clear and working.
• Never use unvented gas, kerosene, or propane heaters indoors.
• If CO exposure is suspected, leave immediately and call 911.
• Don’t return until the source is fixed and cleared by professionals.

Medical Testing

CO levels can be measured in blood, breath, or urine, but results are only useful soon after exposure. If you think you’ve been exposed, go outside, call 911, and seek medical help right away.

Why Safe Water Matters

Clean water is essential for life. We depend on it for drinking, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and overall health. Drinking water can come from public water systems, private wells, natural springs, or bottled sources.

Public Drinking Water

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets national standards for safe public drinking water. In Tennessee, the Department of Environment and Conservation’s Division of Water Resources monitors compliance, trains water system operators, and inspects treatment facilities.
Public water utilities regularly test for bacteria, viruses, chemical contaminants, and disinfectant byproducts. By law, customers must be notified if their drinking water does not meet safety standards.

Tip: Metal pipes can release small amounts of lead or copper after sitting unused. Each morning, run cold water for 2–3 minutes before using it for drinking or cooking. Always use cold water for drinking or making baby formula—then heat it separately.

Private Wells and Springs

About 95% of rural Tennesseans rely on private wells or springs. Unlike public systems, private well owners are responsible for ensuring their water is safe.
Test well water regularly for bacteria, viruses, nitrates, and other pollutants. Contact an approved laboratory for testing and treatment advice.

Lead in Drinking Water

Lead may enter drinking water from:

• Older metal pipes and plumbing fixtures
• Lead solder connecting pipes
• Lead service lines between the home and main water line

Water that sits in pipes for several hours can absorb lead, which can cause serious health problems—especially in children and pregnant women.

To learn more:

• Visit the EPA’s Lead in Drinking Water webpage.
• See the CDC’s Lead in Water page.
• Use the EPA’s tool to find filters certified to reduce lead.

Free testing available:
Licensed child care homes in Tennessee may qualify for free lead testing through the LTSCC Lead Testing Program.

Safe Storage and Use of Household Chemicals

• Keep all products in their original containers with labels intact.
• Read and follow directions for safe use and storage.
• Never mix chemicals. Dangerous reactions can occur.
• Store products in areas protected from direct sunlight, freezing, and moisture.
• Keep flammable materials away from heat sources or open flames.
• Always store household chemicals and medications out of reach of children and pets.

Fire Risk from Oily Rags

Did you know?
Rags or paper towels soaked with linseed oil, turpentine, or other oils can spontaneously catch fire if left crumpled. The oil reacts with air and produces heat as it dries. To prevent fires:

• Place used rags in a well-covered metal container.
• Let them fully dry before disposal or transport.
• Take them to a household hazardous waste collection site.

Proper Disposal of Household Hazardous Waste

Removing unwanted chemicals from your home helps keep your family and the environment safe.

• The Tennessee Household Hazardous Waste Program offers statewide collection events and permanent drop-off sites.
• Residents of Knox, Hamilton, Davidson, or Shelby Counties may use their permanent collection sites year-round.

Safe Medication Disposal

The Tennessee Unwanted Pharmaceuticals Takeback Program allows you to safely dispose of unused or expired medications. Visit TDEC's Unwanted Pharmaceutical Take Back Map to find a drop-off location near you.

Who Is at Risk?

All children ages 0–19 are at risk for injury.
Injuries are the leading cause of death among U.S. children, claiming about 33 lives every day. Each year, nearly 9.2 million children are treated in emergency departments for injuries, and more than 12,000 die from them.

Leading Causes of Childhood Injury

Most childhood injuries are unintentional—caused by burns, drowning, falls, poisoning, or traffic crashes.
Boys have higher injury death rates than girls in all age groups.

Never use child walkers. They are unsafe even under adult supervision and can cause serious falls, burns, and poisonings.

Preventing Falls

• Supervise children around stairs, playgrounds, and windows.
• Use window guards, stair gates, and guard rails at home.
• Ensure playgrounds have soft, well-maintained surfaces.
• Children should wear helmets and pads for biking, skating, or similar activities.
• Avoid trampolines—they cause about 100,000 injuries a year.

Preventing Burns and Fires

• Install and test smoke alarms monthly on every floor and near all bedrooms.
• Practice an escape plan with at least two exits from every room.
• Never leave food cooking unattended; keep children away from stoves.
• Even sparklers can exceed 1,000°F—avoid all fireworks use around children.

Preventing Scalds

• Set water heaters to 120°F or lower.
• Turn pot handles inward and keep hot drinks, vaporizers, and cords out of reach.
• Never hold a child while cooking or handling hot items.
• Stir and test food before serving to ensure it’s not too hot.

Preventing Drowning

• Drowning is the leading cause of injury death for ages 1–4.
• Install four-sided pool fences with self-closing, self-latching gates.
• Keep doors and windows alarmed near pools.
• Never leave a child unattended near any water, even a bathtub.
• Ensure children wear life jackets around lakes, rivers, and pools.
• Learn CPR and renew certification every two years.

Preventing Poisoning

• Store all medicines and chemicals in locked cabinets.
• Never call medicine “candy.”
• Post the Poison Control number: 1-800-222-1222 near every phone and save it to your cell phone.
• Dispose of unused medicines by mixing with coffee grounds or kitty litter before discarding.

Preventing Furniture Tip-Overs

• Anchor TVs and furniture to wall studs with brackets or straps.
• Keep heavy items on low shelves and cords or remotes out of reach.
• Avoid placing tempting items (toys, candy) on top of furniture.
• Keep window blind cords secured and out of reach.

Preventing Road Traffic Injuries

• Always use the correct car seat or booster for your child’s age, height, and weight:
• Rear-facing until at least age 1 and 20 lbs
• Forward-facing until at least age 4 and 40 lbs
• Booster seat until age 8 or 4’9” tall
• All children under 13 should ride in the back seat
• Teach teens to avoid texting or distracted driving and follow graduated driver’s license laws.
• Children should wear helmets when biking, skating, or riding scooters.
• Always check behind vehicles before backing up; walk around your car first.
• Never leave a child alone in a vehicle—call 911 if you see one unattended.

Preventing Sports Injuries

• Make sure kids wear sport-specific protective gear and that it fits properly.
• Replace worn or damaged padding and helmets.
• Teach proper technique and conditioning to reduce injury risk.
• Keep children hydrated and allow time to adjust to hot or humid weather.

Firearm Safety

Children in homes with guns are more likely to be shot by themselves or others in the home than by an intruder. If you keep a firearm:

• Store it unloaded and locked.
• Lock ammunition separately.
• Ask about gun storage in homes your child visits.

Why is Methamphetamine a health issue?

The abuse and manufacture of illegal methamphetamine continues to be a statewide problem in Tennessee. Law enforcement agencies across the state continue to discover places where meth has been made ranging from single-family homes, rental properties, hotel and motel rooms, automobiles and other vehicles.  No matter where these laboratories are created or used, they all leave behind hazardous residue, which poses a threat to human health. In many cases, this methamphetamine residue renders a property 'Unsafe for Human Use' and can be found on hard surfaces, like walls, furniture, appliances and ceiling fans, and soft surfaces, such as carpets, drapes, bedding, clothing, and toys.

What about former meth labs and homes?

Unfortunately, some people make methamphetamine or other drugs inside their home. As this is a criminal offense, the meth makers will be arrested and property owners will be responsible for clean-up costs. Making meth is dangerous. It involves the use of hazardous and flammable chemicals. Invisible residues leftover from meth making can pollute the inside of a house.

Before you rent a property, you can check TDEC’s Registry of Contaminated Properties or TBI’s Meth Offender Registry Database to see if there are any criminal meth lab connections to the property. Also, it may be helpful to talk with nearby residents who may know about past activities at the property you are considering to rent.

Where Mold Grows

Mold can grow anywhere indoors or outdoors year-round. It is most often found in bathrooms, kitchens, bedrooms, closets, and basements—any place with moisture and warmth. The first step to eliminating mold is finding and stopping the source of moisture.

Signs of Moisture Problems

Look for:

• Wet or water-stained walls, ceilings, or floors
• Wet carpet or condensation on windows
• Damp soil or standing water in crawl spaces

Common moisture sources include:

• Leaking roofs or broken pipes
• Poor drainage around the home
• Water seeping through basement walls
• Malfunctioning air conditioners

Visit the EPA's Mold House for more information on identifying moisture sources.

Steps to Control Moisture

You must fix the moisture problem first—otherwise, mold will return even after cleaning.

Repairs and Drainage

• Fix roof leaks or broken pipes promptly.
• Maintain gutters and slope ground away from the foundation.
• Use vapor barriers and sealants in basements or crawl spaces.
• Consider sump pumps or French drains if water collects near the foundation.

Ventilation

• Use fans and dehumidifiers to keep air dry.
• Vent bathroom and kitchen fans to the outdoors.
• Ensure crawl spaces and basements are well ventilated.

How to Clean Mold

• Clean hard surfaces with soap and water.
• Bleach is usually unnecessary unless sewage is involved.
• If used, ventilate well and never mix bleach with ammonia or other cleaners.
• Bleach fumes can irritate lungs and trigger asthma.

When to Replace Materials

• Porous materials—like drywall, carpet, insulation, or ceiling tiles—should be removed and replaced if moldy.
• Painting or caulking over mold will not fix the problem.
• Follow EPA’s Table 1: Water Damage – Cleanup and Mold Prevention for detailed guidance.

Should You Test for Mold?

Testing is not recommended. All molds can cause problems, and there are no national standards for “safe” mold levels. The Tennessee Department of Health, CDC, and EPA do not test or recommend testing. Focus on fixing the moisture and cleaning visible mold instead.

If the moisture source is unclear, you can use:

• Moisture meters to detect water inside walls or flooring
• Humidity monitors to measure moisture in the air (ideal range: 30–50%)

Hire Licensed Help

Always use a licensed contractor for home repairs. Verify licenses with the Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance.

Water Damage - Cleanup and Mold Prevention

When Mold Has Been Present More Than 48 Hours

If materials have been wet for more than 48 hours, follow EPA Table 2: Guidelines for Remediation. Even when items dry within two days, mold growth may still occur. When in doubt, a professional can test materials for contamination.
Keep in mind—mold does not always appear after 48 hours. This is a general rule, not a guarantee.

Contaminated Water Situations

These guidelines apply only to damage caused by clean water. If the water source is sewage or contains chemical or biological pollutants, additional precautions are required:

• Do not use fans until you are sure the water is clean.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and containment are required by OSHA.
• Contact a qualified remediation professional experienced in contaminated water cleanup.

High-Value or Sentimental Items

If an item has high monetary or sentimental value, contact a restoration or water damage specialist for guidance.

Subflooring

Be sure to clean and dry the subfloor beneath any carpet or flooring. Refer to the table above for recommended actions based on the type of subfloor material.

Mosquitoes and Your Health

Mosquitoes are more than a nuisance—they can spread illnesses such as West Nile virus, Chikungunya, and Zika virus.

Most mosquitoes are active at dawn and dusk, so take extra precautions during these times. Windy conditions make it harder for mosquitoes to fly and find people. Because mosquitoes are attracted to carbon dioxide, using a fan can help keep them away.

Wear light-colored, loose-fitting clothing that covers your arms and legs. Mosquitoes can bite through tight fabrics. If you use an insect repellent, choose one that is EPA-registered and always follow label directions marked “USE ONLY AS DIRECTED.”

Keep mosquitoes out of your home by:

• Making sure drain pipes slope away from your house
• Repairing or installing window and door screens
• Keeping windows and doors closed and using air conditioning when possible

Controlling Mosquitoes Around Your Home

The most effective way to control mosquitoes is to eliminate standing water, which they need to breed. Even small amounts of water—such as in flower pots or toys—can produce biting adults in just a few days.

Take these steps to reduce mosquito breeding:

• TIP and TOSS water from containers after every rain.
• Empty and clean rain gutters, tires, buckets, plastic covers, and toys that collect water.
• Remove clogged debris from drains and ditches so water can flow freely.
• Ensure drain pipes slope downward and away from your home.

Large bodies of water with waves, mosquito-eating fish, or little vegetation are less likely to support mosquitoes. However, small, still pools of water are prime breeding sites.

Natural Mosquito Control

Bats are natural mosquito predators—each bat can eat hundreds to thousands of mosquitoes per hour. To learn more about bats and how to build a bat house, visit the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency website.

What Is Natural Gas?

Natural gas is a colorless, odorless, flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases—mainly methane. It provides about one-quarter of the nation’s total energy. To help people detect leaks, gas companies add mercaptans, giving natural gas its familiar “rotten egg” smell.

More than 40,000 miles of natural gas pipelines run across Tennessee. Most are underground and have a strong safety record, but incidents can occur and pose risks to health and safety. Between 2010–2012, natural gas was the fourth most frequently released chemical in Tennessee. Most incidents resulted from human error (49%) or equipment failure (27%).

How to Detect a Natural Gas Leak

You can identify a possible gas leak by using your senses:

• Smell: A strong odor like rotten eggs
• Sight: Blowing dirt, bubbling water, or discolored/dead vegetation near a pipeline
• Sound: A hissing or roaring noise

If You Suspect a Gas Leak — Act Quickly!

Natural gas can ignite easily. Follow these steps immediately:

• Turn off any gas appliances if it is safe to do so.
• Leave the building right away—take everyone with you.
• Call 911 from a neighbor’s home or a location far from the leak.
• Keep away from the area until authorities say it’s safe.

Do NOT:

• Light matches or create sparks
• Start any engine
• Use phones, switches, garage door openers, or other electrical devices near the leak
• Try to locate the source yourself

Other Natural Gas Safety Tips

• Ensure gas appliances have good air circulation.
• A blue flame means proper combustion; yellow or orange flames signal a problem.
• Keep flammable items away from gas appliances.
• Use gas equipment only as intended—never use a stove for heating.
• Purchase only appliances that meet recognized safety standards (e.g., AGA Blue Star seal).
• Keep a fire extinguisher in your home.
• Install and maintain a carbon monoxide detector.

Call 811 Before You Dig

Before starting any digging project—even planting a tree—call 811. Utility professionals will mark the location of underground pipelines and cables.
This simple step prevents damage, injuries, and costly repairs. Always make sure anyone excavating near your property has contacted 811 first.

Pests and Pest Prevention

A pest is any organism that causes damage, spreads disease, or creates economic loss. Pests can include:

• Animals such as insects, mice, and rats
• Unwanted plants like weeds
• Microorganisms such as bacteria

Common household pests include cockroaches, ants, spiders, mosquitoes, bed bugs, fleas, and ticks. Keeping your home clean is the best way to prevent pests:

• Do not leave food or pet food out.
• Clean dishes, floors, and countertops often.
• Seal holes, cracks, and other entry points.

Pests are attracted to warm, dry places with food and water, so proper cleaning and maintenance are key.

Safe Pest Management

• Pesticides can be useful when used correctly, but they are also poisons and can harm people or pets if misused.
• Always read and follow label directions.
• Use only products labeled for indoor use.
• Keep children and pets away from treated areas.
• Using more pesticide than recommended does not make it work better and may increase health risks.

For information on safe pest control alternatives, visit EPA’s Safe Pest Control or the University of Tennessee Extension website.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines cultural, biological, and chemical methods to keep pest populations below harmful levels. The goal is prevention and long-term control, not total elimination.

Rodent Control

• Mice and rats can enter through very small openings.
• Seal gaps around wires, pipes, doors, and windows.
• Use caulk, foam, or steel wool to block entry points.
• Avoid using poisons near children or pets; traps are safer.

Cockroach Prevention

• Cockroaches thrive where food and water are available.
• Eliminate crumbs, grease, and leaks.
• Seal cracks and entry points.
• Use traps or bait stations and adjust their placement if needed.
• Continue monitoring to prevent reinfestation.
• Cockroaches can also enter with items such as cardboard boxes or groceries, or from neighboring apartments in multi-unit buildings.

Mosquito Prevention

Mosquitoes feed on blood and can transmit diseases such as West Nile virus and La Crosse Encephalitis. To reduce mosquitoes:

• Remove standing water from containers, planters, bird baths, and tires.
• Keep pools and ponds clean.
• Use insect repellent when outdoors.

Ant Control

• When ants invade, the goal is to eliminate the queen and colony, not just visible ants.
• Use bait stations instead of sprays for longer-term control.
• Red fire ants build mounds in disturbed soil and can bite and sting.
• For help managing fire ants, contact your local Agricultural Extension office.

Spider Prevention

• Most spiders are harmless and eat other insects, but black widow and brown recluse bites can be serious.
• Seek medical care if bitten.
• Seal cracks and holes with caulk.
• Keep areas clean and clutter-free.
• Some home-use pesticides can also help control spiders.

Bed Bug Awareness

Bed bugs are small, flat, reddish-brown insects that feed on blood, usually at night. They can hitchhike on luggage, furniture, and bedding. To prevent infestations:

• Inspect secondhand furniture before bringing it home.
• Use mattress covers and reduce clutter.
• If you suspect bed bugs, inspect your bed and bedding carefully.
• For severe infestations, hire a licensed pest control professional. Avoid overusing pesticides indoors.

Learn more from:

• EPA Bed Bug Information
• University of Tennessee Extension Bed Bug Fact Sheet

Head Lice

Head lice are tiny insects that live on the scalp and lay eggs (nits) in hair. They spread mostly by head-to-head contact, not by poor hygiene. Treatment includes:

• Over-the-counter or prescription shampoos or lotions
• Using a fine “nit comb” to remove lice and eggs

Head lice are common among children and may spread at schools, camps, or sporting events. Check your school’s policy for guidance. The U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and National Association of School Nurses have resources on how to control and treat head lice. 

What Is Radon?

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas formed by the breakdown of uranium in rocks and soil. It is colorless, tasteless, and odorless, so the only way to know if it’s in your home is to test for it.

Is Radon a Problem in Tennessee?

Yes. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) considers radon a serious concern statewide. All Tennessee homes should be tested, regardless of location or zone designation. Click for radon data on the Tennessee Health Data website.  The information cannot predict radon levels in untested homes.

Health Effects of Radon

Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S., responsible for about 21,000 deaths each year, including about 2,900 among non-smokers. When inhaled, radon’s radioactive particles can damage lung tissue and DNA, increasing cancer risk—especially for people who smoke. Outdoor radon usually isn’t a problem, but indoor levels can build up to dangerous concentrations.

How Radon Enters Homes

Radon moves up from the soil into homes through:

• Cracks in foundations and floors
• Gaps around pipes or construction joints
• Well water (in smaller amounts)

Because indoor air pressure is typically lower than in the soil, homes can “pull in” radon gas from the ground.

How Much Radon Is Dangerous?

Radon is measured in picocuries per liter (pCi/L):

• Outdoor air average: 0.4 pCi/L
• Average U.S. home: 1.3 pCi/L
• EPA action level: 4 pCi/L (steps should be taken to reduce levels)

There is no completely safe level of radon. Even readings between 2–4 pCi/L should be lowered if possible.

Testing for Radon

Testing is simple and inexpensive. Every Tennessee home should be tested. TDEC’s Indoor Radon Program offers:

• Free or low-cost test kits for homeowners
• Technical resources for universities and professionals
• Educational materials for builders, inspectors, and schools

What if My Radon Test Is Over 4 pCi/L?

If your test shows levels above 4 pCi/L:

• Do a follow-up test to confirm.
• If the second test (or average) also exceeds 4 pCi/L, take action to reduce radon.

Fixing a Radon Problem

How your home was built determines the best mitigation method. Homeowners can install systems themselves, but professional mitigation is often needed. To find qualified contractors, visit:

• National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP) 
• National Radon Safety Board (NRSB)

Check certifications, get multiple estimates, and confirm reputation through the Better Business Bureau. After installation, retest your home to ensure the system works.

Radon-Resistant New Construction

If you’re building a new home, consider radon-resistant construction techniques. These features:

• Greatly reduce radon risk
• Improve moisture control and indoor air quality
• Add minimal cost ($350–$500 during construction vs. $800–$2,500 to retrofit)

Even with radon-resistant features, all homes should be tested after occupancy.

An Onsite Wastewater Treatment System (OWTS), commonly called a septic system, treats wastewater on your property when public sewer service is not available. Understanding how your system works—and maintaining it properly—protects your family’s health, prevents pollution, and helps you avoid costly repairs.

How a Septic System Works

Wastewater from your home flows into a septic tank, where solids settle to the bottom and lighter materials float to the top. This separation is called primary treatment. Naturally occurring bacteria break down some of the solids, which are later removed by a professional septic pumper.

A typical tank for a three-bedroom home holds about 1,000 gallons. Larger homes require larger tanks. Because each system is designed to handle a specific amount of water, too much water can overload the system.

The septic tank has three main functions:

1. Capture and hold floating and sinking solids
2. Store solids for later removal
3. Support bacteria that break down organic materials in low-oxygen conditions

After treatment in the tank, wastewater flows to an absorption field (also called a leach field, drain field, or nitrification field). There, it receives final treatment as it filters through the soil. Soil conditions and site characteristics determine the best design for each system.

Septic Care and Maintenance

Do:

• Inspect your system every two years if it has a pump, and every four years if it does not.
• Pump the tank every four years.
• Keep maintenance records of all work.
• Fix leaks from faucets or toilets promptly.
• Conserve water to prevent overload.
• Divert roof drains and surface water away from the drain field.

Do Not:

• Drive or park over any part of the system.
• Use septic additives.
• Dig or build over the system.
• Plant anything over the drain field (native grasses are okay).
• Flush non-biodegradable items (diapers, wipes, tampons, etc.).
• Pour chemicals, paints, or oils down drains.

Inspection Safety

Safety is the first priority during any septic inspection or maintenance.

• Never enter or lean over septic tanks or cesspools.
• Leave all tank work to trained professionals.
• Report and repair unsafe or damaged tank covers.
• Avoid bringing contaminated clothing into your home.
• Ensure all workers have current tetanus vaccinations.

Septic tanks produce methane and hydrogen sulfide gases, which are toxic and explosive. Hydrogen sulfide can quickly dull your sense of smell—so do not rely on odor as a safety warning.

Please use the Division of Water Resources Contacts Link and call the appropriate environmental field office.  If the county is listed as "contract count", those counties have their own septic system assistance services. Those counties include: Blount, Hamilton, Jefferson, Knox, Shelby, and Williamson. 

Water Softener Guidance

Water softeners remove minerals like calcium and magnesium that cause hard water. During backwashing (which occurs every 3–7 days), around 50 gallons of water is discharged to flush out the collected minerals. Do not send backwash water to the septic system. It can overload and damage the system. Instead, discharge backwash to a separate drywell or another area of the property away from the drain field.

The same applies to backwash from reverse osmosis or other water treatment units.

Warning Signs of Septic System Problems

Contact a professional if you notice:

• Sewage backups in drains or toilets (often black water with a foul odor)
• Slow drains throughout the house
• Standing water or seepage near the septic area
• Lush, bright green grass over the drain field during dry weather
• Odors near the system or inside the home
• Nitrates or bacteria detected in well water
• Algae or weed growth in nearby ponds or lakes

These signs may indicate your system is leaking, overloaded, or failing.

What Is Weatherization?

Weatherization refers to home improvements that make a house more energy-efficient. Examples include air sealing, adding insulation, improving moisture control, and increasing ventilation. A properly weatherized home is healthier, safer, and more comfortable year-round.

How Weatherization Benefits Health

Weatherization can improve respiratory health, mental well-being, and physical safety by managing indoor temperature and air quality.
Uncontrolled heat or cold can increase illness risk, and poor air quality can worsen conditions such as asthma, emphysema, or COPD.
Seniors and others sensitive to temperature extremes often benefit the most.

People living in weatherized homes report:

• Fewer “bad health days”
• Fewer doctor and emergency visits
• Better comfort and sleep

How to Tell if Your Home Needs Weatherization

Signs your home may need weatherization include:

• Rooms that are too hot or too cold
• Excess moisture or condensation on windows
• Drafty doors or windows
• A furnace that cannot maintain comfortable temperatures
• A leaking roof

These issues suggest your home may not be properly sealed, insulated, or ventilated.

Signs of Poor Indoor Air Quality

Good indoor air quality (IAQ) supports healthy breathing. Poor IAQ can cause congestion, dizziness, headaches, or difficulty breathing.
Common causes include:

• Uncontrolled temperature and humidity
• Dust, pollen, mold, or pet dander
• Secondhand smoke
• Cleaning chemicals or pesticide fumes

How Homes Are Weatherized

Weatherization focuses on four main areas:

• Air Sealing – Closing gaps and leaks to keep outdoor air out and conditioned air in.
• Insulation – Adding materials to regulate temperature.
• Moisture Control – Preventing leaks and condensation that can cause mold.
• Ventilation – Ensuring fresh air exchange to maintain healthy indoor air.

Learn more from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) at energy.gov.

Benefits of Weatherization

Weatherization helps residents save money and live healthier lives. Energy and health benefits include:

• Lower heating and cooling bills
• Fewer asthma triggers and respiratory problems
• Improved comfort and sleep
• Fewer missed workdays

According to the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, weatherization can also:

• Reduce carbon monoxide poisonings and home fires
• Decrease thermal stress on residents
• Lower asthma-related medical costs
• Improve ability to afford food and prescriptions
• Reduce use of high-interest loans and the “heat or eat” dilemma

Finding Help for Weatherization

If you think your home could benefit from weatherization:

• Contact your utility company for an energy audit or efficiency tips.
• Ask if you qualify for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP).

In Tennessee, WAP is managed by the Tennessee Housing Development Agency (THDA). A network of local agencies provides services in all 95 counties based on available federal funding. Visit the THDA Weatherization Assistance Program webpage or use the Weatherization Agency Locator to find your local provider.

Who Is Eligible for Assistance

Eligibility for weatherization assistance depends on income level and other factors outlined in the THDA Program Manual. Applicants should contact their county’s administering agency for specific requirements and application details.

Understanding the Risks

While weatherization offers many benefits, sealing a home too tightly can trap pollutants indoors. To minimize risks:

• Inspect ventilation systems regularly.
• Test for radon.
• Remove or control pollutant sources.

For more guidance, see what the EPA recommends on indoor air quality and ventilation.